Malays. Appl. Biol. (1997) 26(2): 63-67
COMPARATIVE ACUTE TOXICITY OF ALPHACYPERMETHRIN, A PERSISTENT PYRETHROID AGAINST JUVENILE OF FIVE FISH SPECIES
A.S.C. CHONG, K. H. KHOO and A. B. ALI*
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The toxicity of alphacypermethrin, a persistent pyrethroid was tested against juveniles of five fish species, Poecilia reticulata, Brachydanio rerio, Clarias gariepinus, Channa striata and Oreochromis sp., using a 96 hours standard laboratory exposure method. The intermediate lethal dose (LC) values obtained for B. rerio (LC50= 8.18 mg/L) and Oreochromis sp. (LC50 = 50.56 mg/L) indicated the suitability of the two species as standard reference fishes for pesticide toxicity studies. C. gariepinus (LC50 = 5.44 mg/L) was most susceptible towards alphacypermethrin while C. striata (LC50 = 655.09 mg/L] showed the highest tolerance. The overall results showed that alphacypermethrin generally displayed acute toxicity towards fishes and the possibility of field contamination is discussed here.
ABSTRAK
Ketoksikan alphacypermethrin, sejenis pyretroid tahan lama telah dikaji ke atas juvenil lima spesies ikan, Poecilia reticulata, Brachydanio rerio, Clarias gariepinus, Channa striata and Oreochromis sp. menggunakan kaedah piawai makmai dengar pendedahan selama 96 jam. Nilai dos maut pertengahan didapati untuk B. rerio (LC50 = 8.18 mg/L) and Oreochromis sp. [LC50 = 50.56 mg/L) menunjukkan kesesuaian kedua-dua spesies sebagai ikan rujukan piawai untuk kajian ketoksikar pestisid. C. gariepinus (LC50 = 5.44 mg/L) paling rentan terhadap alphacypermethin sementara C. striata (LC50 = 655.OS mg/L) menunjukkan ketahanan yang paling tinggi. Keputusan keseluruhan juga menunjukkan bahawa alphacypermethrir secara umumnya amat beracun terhadap ikan dan kemungkinan pencemaran di lapangan dibincangkan.
Key words: Acute toxicity, alphacypermethrin, juvenile fishes
REFERRENCES
Ali, A.B. 1990. Some ecological aspects of fish populations in tropical ricefields. Hydrobiologia, 190: 215-222.
Ali, A. B. 1993. Aspects of the fecundity of the feral catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). population obtained from ricefields used for rice-fish farming, in Malaysia. Hydrobiologia, 254: 81-89
American Society for Testings and Materials (ASTM). 1981. Standard practice foi conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes, macroinvertebrates and amphibians. Annual Book of Standards. Part 46; End user and consumer products, pp: 406-430.
Bills, T. D., Marking, L. L., Dawson, V. K. and Howe, G. K. 1988. Effects of organic matter and loading rates of fish on the toxicity of chloramine-T. Invest. Fish Control, 97: 1-4.
Bhatnagar, M. C., Bana, A. K. and Tyagi, M. 1992. Respiratory distress to Clarias batrachus exposed to endosulfan, a histological approach. Journal of Environmental Biology, 13: 227-231.
Cairns, J. 1980. Developing a toxicity test capability for Australia. Water Research, 7: 14-15.
Coats, J. R. and O'Donnell-Jeffrey, N. L. 1979. Toxicity of four pyrethroid insecticides to rainbow trout. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23: 250-255.
Grassland, N. O., Shires, S. W. and Bennett, D. 1982. Aquatic toxicology of cypermethrin III. Fate and biological effects of spray drift deposits in freshwater adjacent to agricultural land. Aquatic Toxicology, 2: 253-270.
Daum, R.J. 1970. Revision of two computer programs for analysis. Bulletin of Entomological Society of America, 16: 10-15.
Demoute, J. P. 1989. A brief review of the environmental fate and metabolism of pyrethroids. Pesticide Science, 27: 375-385.
Devi, A. P., Rato, B. M. R., Tilah, K. S. and Murthy, A. S. 1981. Relative toxicity of the technical grade material, isomers and formulations of endosulfan to the fish Channa punctata. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 27: 239-343.
Finney, D. J. 1971. Probit Analysis. Third Edition. Cambridge University Press, London, 333 pp.
Gopal, K., Ram, M. D., Anand, M., and Ray, P. K. 1989. Toxicity and fate of lindane in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Environmental Ecology, 7: 571-576.
Hill, I. R. 1989. Aquatic organisms and pyrethroids. Pesticide Science, 27: 429-465.
Hirano, M. 1989. Characteristics of pyrethroids for insect pest control in agriculture. Pesticide Science, 27: 353-360.
Khoo, K. H. and Tan, E. S. P. 1979. Review of rice-fish culture in South East Asia. Paper presented in ICLARM. SEARCA Conference for Agriculture-Aquaculture Faring System, Manila, 6th-8th August, 1979. 46 pp.
Kumaraguru, A. K., Beamish, F. W. H. and Ferguson, H. W. 1982. Direct and circulatory paths of permethrin (NRDC - 143) causing histopathological changes in gills of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology, 20: 87-91.
Laale, H. W. 1977. The biology and use of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio in fisheries research. A literature review. Journal of Fish Biology, 10: 121-175.
McLeese, D. W, Metcalfe, C. D. and Zitko, V. 1980. Lethality of permethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate to salmon, lobster and shrimp. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 25: 950-955.
Mohsen, Z.H., Ouda, N.A., Hashim, A.K. and Zayia, H.H. 1995. Combined larvicidal efficacy of lamda-cyhalothrin and larvivorous fish (Gambusia affinis) against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Journal Vector Ecology, 20: 164-167.
Mohsin, A. K. M. and Ambak, M.A. 1983. Freshwater fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, pp 284
Mulla, M. S., Darawazen, H. A. and Dhillon, M. S. 1981. Impact and joint action of decamethrin and permethrin and freshwater fishes on mosquito. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 26: 689-695.
Murthy, A. S. 1973. Toxicity of Pesticides to Fish. vol. 1. CRC Press, Inc., Florida, 178 pp.
Murthy, A. S. and Kondiah, K. 1991. Standard test fish for India and the neighboring countries. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 46: 871-878.
Shires, S. W. 1985. Toxicity of a new pyrethroid insecticide, WL 85871 to rainbow trout. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 34: 134-137.
Stephenson R R. 1985. Assessing the hazard of pyrethroid insecticides in the aquatic environment. Pesticide Science, 16: 199-201.
Sulaiman, S., Pawanchee, Z. A., Ghauth, I., Wahab, A., Vadiveloo, B., Jeffrey, J. and Mansor, A.F. 1996. The residual effects of alphacypermethrin and permethrin against the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in wooden huts in Malaysia. Journal of Vector Ecology, 21: 85-88.
Worthing, C.R. and Hance, R.J. 1991. The Pesticide Manual. A World Compendium. 9th edition. British Crop Protection Council, pp: 210-211.
Yap, H. H. 1996. Perspective on the use of public health and household insecticides with reference to Malaysia. In: Manual for Workshop on Biology & Control of Household Pests. H.H. Yap and N.L. Chong (eds.). University Sains Malaysia, pp. 9-15.
