Malays. Appl. Biol. 34(2): 51–59
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION DATA (Cd, Cu, Pb AND Zn) IN DIFFERENT GEOCHEMICAL FRACTIONS OF THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS IN THE STRAITS OF MALACCA BY THE USE OF CORRELATION AND MULTIPLE LINEAR STEPWISE REGRESSION ANALYSES
YAP, C.K.*, RAHIM-ISMAIL, A., ISMAIL, A. and TAN, S.G.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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ABSTRACT
Statistical studies on the correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analyses based on the different geochemical fractions of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in the sediments of the Straits of Malacca were conducted. Significant (P< 0.001) correlation matrices were found among total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn indicating that they had a common source of anthropogenic origin. The nonresistant fractions of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly due to the ‘oxidisable-organic’ fractions (Cd: R= 0.91; Cu: R= 0.99; Pb: R= 0.97 and Zn: R= 0.99) of the sediments which were considered to be related to anthropogenic activities. The assumption that the elevated metal concentrations were due to anthropogenic sources (nonresistant) in the sediments was found to be true for Cd (R= 0.83, P< 0.001), Cu (R= 0.69, P< 0.001) and Pb (R= 0.87, P< 0.001) but not for Zn (P> 0.05). The total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were also significantly correlated with and related to their resistant fractions (with R values are Cd: 0.68; Cu: 0.96; Pb: 0.85 and Zn: 0.96). Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis revealed that the total concentrations of metals were influenced by the geochemical fractions of the metals that resulted in highly significant (p< 0.001) of all models and some of them are also significantly (at least P< 0.05) correlated by performing the Pearson’s correlation analysis. Based on the present data, the relationships and behaviours of the geochemical fractions of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the surface sediment of the Straits of Malacca could be understood by using correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis.
ABSTRAK
Kajian statistik dilakukan dalam analisis korelasi dan analisis ‘multiple linear stepwise’ regresi berdasarkan pelbagai fraksi geokimia bagi logam (Cd, Cu, Pb dan Zn) di dalam sedimen di Selat Melaka. Korelasi matriks yang signifikan (P< 0.001) telah diperolehi di dalam jumlah kepekatan Cd, Cd, Pb dan Zn menunjukkan mereka mempunyai sumber antropogenik yang sama. Fraksi tidak resistan bagi Cd, Cu, Pb dan Zn adalah disebabkan oleh fraksi ‘oxidisable- organic’ (Cd: R= 0.91; Cu: R= 0.99; Pb: R= 0.97 dan Zn: R= 0.99) dalam sedimen yang dianggap berkaitan dengan aktiviti antropognik. Anggapan bahawa kepekatan yang tinggi adalah disebabkan oleh sumber antropogenik (fraksi tidak resistan) in dalam sediment adalah benar bagi Cd (R= 0.83, P< 0.001), Cu (R= 0.69, P< 0.001) dan Pb (R= 0.87, P< 0.001) tetapi tidak bagi Zn (P> 0.05). Jumlah kepekatan bagi Cd, Cu, Pb dan Zn juga mempunyai korelasi yang signifikan dengan fraksi resistan mereka (dengan nilai-nilai R sebagai Cd: 0.68; Cu: 0.96; Pb: 0.85 dan Zn: 0.96). Analisis ‘multiple linear stepwise’ regresi menunjukkan bahawa jumlah kepekatan bagi logam adalah dipengaruhi oleh fraksi geokimia bagi logam tersebut dan sesetengah daripada mereka juga berkorelasi secara signifikan dalam analisis Pearson’s kolerasi. Berdasarkan data ini, hubungan dan kelakuan bagi fraksi geokimia logam Cd, Cu, Pb dan Zn di dalam sedimen permukaan di Selat Melaka boleh difahami menggunakan analisis korelasi dan analisis ‘multiple linear stepwise’ regresi.
Key words: Heavy metals, Correlation analysis, multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, sediment, the Straits of Malacca
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