Malays. Appl. Biol. (2005) 34(2): 67–73
EFFECT OF FEEDING FREQUENCY ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF SILVER BARB, BARBODES GONIONOTUS LARVAE
Tayag, C.M., Kamarudin, M.S.*, Saad, C.R. and Aizam, Z.A.
Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of feeding frequency on growth and survival of silver barb, Barbodes gonionotus larvae reared under laboratory condition. In the first experiment, larvae were fed on a daytime basis once d-1, twice d-1, thrice d-1, and four times d-1 for a period of 16 days. Larvae were fed at fixed ration of 45% body weight d-1. Good growth and feed efficiency were observed from the larvae fed four times d-1 and poor growth was recorded from the larvae fed at the lowest frequency (once d-1). In the second experiment, larvae were fed throughout the day (day and nighttime feeding) at different feeding frequencies (twice d-1, four times d-1, six times d-1 and eight times d-1). The result suggested that the optimal feeding frequency for silver barb larvae was four times a day. The present study also revealed that interval feedings of the larvae throughout the day (24h) has no beneficial effect compared to daylight interval feedings. This indicated that silver barb larvae were visual feeders.
ABSTRAK
Dua eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan kekerapan pemberian makanan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kemandirian larva lampam Jawa, Barbodes gonionotus yang dipelihara di dalam makmal. Dalam experimen pertama, larva diberi makan pada waktu siang pada kekerapan sekali hari-1, dua kali hari-1, tiga kali hari-1 dan empat kali hari-1 selama 16 hari. Kadar pemberian makanan ditetapkan pada 45% berat badan hari-1. Pertumbuhan dan kecekapan makanan yang baik diperolehi apabila larva diberi makan empat kali hari-1 manakala pertumbuhan larva adalah rendah pada kekerapan pemberian makanan terendah (sekali kali hari-1). Dalam eksperimen kedua, larva diberi makan sepanjang hari (siang dan malam) pada kekerapan yang berbeza. (dua kali hari-1, empat kali hari-1, enam kali hari-1 dan lapan kali hari-1). Keputusan menunjukkan kekerapan optimum pemberian makanan bagi larva lampam Jawa ialah empat kali hari-1. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahawa pemberian makanan berkala di sepanjang hari (24 jam) kepada larva tidak memberikan apa-apa kelebihan berbanding pemberian makanan berkala di waktu siang. Ini menandakan bahawa larva lampam Jawa adalah pemakan visual.
Key words: Feeding frequency, silver barb, Barbodes gonionotus, larva
REFERRENCES
Andrews, J.W. and Page, J.W. (1975) The effects of frequency of feeding on culture of catfish. Transaction of the American Fisheries Society, 104: 317-321.
Ardiwanita, R.O. (1981) Pemeliharaan tawes (Bander, Putihan J), Penerbitan sumurt, Indonesia.
Barahona-Fernades, M.H. (1979) Some effects of light intesity and photoperiod on the sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) reared at the Centre Oceonologique de Bretagne. Aquaculture, 17: 311-321.
Blaxter, J.H.S. (1986) Development of sense organs and behavior of teleost larvae with special reference to feeding and predator avoidance. Transaction of the American Fisheries Society, 115: 98-114.
Bolla, S. and Holmefjord, I. (1988) Effect of temperature and light on development of Atlantic halibut larvae. Aquaculture, 74: 355- 358.
Boyd, C. (1990) Water quality in ponds fish culture. For aquaculture., pp. 482. Agricultural Experiment Station. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
Boyd, C.E. (1982) Water Quality Management for Fish Culture., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Brett, J.R. (1971) Satiation time, appetite and maximum feed intake of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28: 409-415.
Brown, M.E. (1957) Experimental studies on growth In: The Physiology of Fishes. M.E. Brown ed. Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York.pp. 311-400.
Chua, T.E. and Teng, S.K. (1978) Effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young estuary grouper, Ephinephelus tauvina (Forskal), cultured in floating cages. Aquaculture, 14: 31-47.
Downing, G. and Litvak, M.K. (1999) The influence of light intensity on growth of larval haddock. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 61: 135-140.
Duray, M. and Kohno, H. (1998) Effects of continuous lighting on growth and survival of first-feeding larval rabbitfish Siganus guttatus. Aqucualture, 72: 73-79.
Dwyer, K.S., Brown, J.A., Parrish, C.C. & Lall, S.P. (2002) Feeding frequency affects food consumption, feeding pattern, growth of juvenile yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea). Aquaculture, 213: 279-292.
FAO (1996) Foods and Agricultural Organization. Yearbook of Fisheries Statistic., Foods and Agricultural Organization of the Nations, Rome, Italy.
FAO (2003) Fishstat Plus. Food and Agricultural Organisation of United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Folkvord, A. (1997) Ontogeny of cannibalism in larval and juvenile fishes with emphasis on Atlantic cod. In: Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations. R.C. Chambers and E.A. Trippel (Eds.), Chapman and Hall, London.pp. 251-278.
Grayton, B.D. and Beamish, F.H.W. (1977) Effects of feeding frequency on food intake, growth and body composition on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdeni). Aquaculture, 11: 159- 172.
Hogendoorn, H. (1981) Controlled propagation of the African catfish, Clarias lazera (C. & V.). IV. Effects of feeding regime in fingerling culture. Aquaculture, 24: 123-131.
Hussain, M.G., Islam, M.S., Hossain, M.A., Wahid, A.H.M., Dey, M.M. & Mazid, M.A. (2002) Stock improvement of silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus Bleeker). Aquaculture, 204: 469-480.
Jobling, M. and Baardvik, B.M. (1994) The influence of environmental manipulation on inter and intra-individual variation in food acquisition and growth performance of Artic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. Journal of Fish Biology, 44: 1069-1087.
Kamarudin, M.S., Tayag, C.M., Saad, C.R. & Aizam, Z.A. (In comm.) Growth, survival and body composition of Barbodes gonionotus larvae fed diets with varying protein levels. Submitted for Publication (Journal of Tropical Aquaculture).
Kayano, Y., Jeong, D.S., Oda, T. & Nakagawa, H. (1990) Optimum feeding frequency on young red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara. Suisanzoshoku, 38: 319-326.
Kayano, Y., Yao, S., Yamamoto, S. & Nakagawa, H. (1993) Effects of feeding frequency on the growth and body constituents of young red- spotted grouper, Ephinephelus akaara. Aquaculture, 110: 271-278.
Lee, S.M., Cho, S.H. & Kim, D.J. (2000a) Effects of feeding frequency and dietary energy level on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel). Aquaculture Research, 31: 917-921.
Lee, S.M., Hwang, U.G. & Cho, S.H. (2000b) Effects of feeding frequency and dietary moisture content on growth, body composition and gastric evacuation of juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture, 187: 399-409.
Martinez, G., Caceres, L.A., Uribe, E. & Diaz, M.A. (1995) Effects of different feeding regimens on larval growth and the energy budget of juvenile Chilean scallops, Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck. Aquaculture, 132: 313- 323.
McCarthy, I.D., Carter, C.G. & Houlihan, F.A. (1992) The effect of feeding hierarchy on individual variability in daily feeding of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Biology, 41: 257- 263.
Mohsin, A.K.M. and Ambak, M.A. (1983) Freshwater fishes of Peninsular Malaysia., Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Press., Malaysia.
Mollah, M.F.A. and Tan, E.S.P. (1982) Effects of different feeding frequency on the growth and survival of catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) larvae. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 29: 1-7.
Omar, E.A. and Gunther, K.D. (1987) Studies on feeding of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in intensive culture. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 57: 172-180.
Puvanendran, V. and Brown, J.A. (2002) Foraging, growth and survival of Atlantic cod larvae reared in different light intensities and photoperiods. Aquaculture, 214: 131-151.
Robertson, L., Lawrence, A.L. & Castille, F.L. (1993) Effects of feeding frequency and feeding time on growth of Penaeus monodon (Boone). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 24: 1-6.
Rothius, A.J., Nhan, D.K., Richter, C.J.J. & Ollevier, F. (1998) Rice with fish culture in the semi-deep waters of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: a socio-economical survey. Aquaculture Research, 29: 49-49.
Ruohonen, K., Vielma, J. & Grove, D.J. (1998) Effects of feeding frequency on growth and food utilisation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low-fat herring or dry pellets. Aquaculture, 165: 111-121.
Sampath, K. and Pandian, T.J. (1980) Effects of density on food utilization and surfacing behaviour in the obilgatory air-breathing fish Channa striatus. Hydrobiologia, 68: 113-117.
SAS (1992) Statistical Analysis System. SAS Institute Inc, Cary NC, USA.
Siraj, S.S., Kamaruddin, Z., Satar, M.K.A. & Kamarudin, M.S. (1988) Effects of feeding frequency on growth, food conversion and survival of red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus / O. niloticus) hybrid fry. In The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conference proceedings 15. (R.S.V. Pullin, et al. eds.), pp. 383-386.Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand and ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.
Tacon, A.G.J. and Cowey, B.C. (1985) Protein and amino acid requirements. In Fish Energetics: New perspectives. (P. Tytler and P. Calow eds.), pp. 125-154. The John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD.
Tandler, A. and Helps, S. (1985) The effects of photoperiod and water exchange rate on growth and survival of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus; Sparidae) from hatching to metamorphosis in mass rearing systems. Aquaculture, 48: 71-82.
Tsevis, N., Klaoudatos, S. & Conides, A. (1992) Food conversion budget in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, fingerlings under two different feeding frequency patterns. Aquaculture, 101: 293-304.
Velasco, M., Lawrence, A.L. & Castille, F.L. (1999) Effects of variations in daily feeding frequency and ration size on growth of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), in zero-water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture, 179: 141-148.
Wang, N., Hayward, R.S. & Noltie, D.B. (1998) Effect of feeding frequency on food consumption, growth, size variation, and feeding pattern of age-0 hybrid sunfish. Aquaculture, 165: 261-267.
Yao, S., Umino, T. & Nakagawa, H. (1994) Effect of feeding frequency on lipid accumulation in ayu. Fisheries Science, 60: 667-671.
