Malays. Appl. Biol. 41(1): 11–21
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF TWO Rhizophora SPECIES IN SUNGAI PULAI FOREST RESERVE, JOHOR, MALAYSIA
NORDATUL AKMAR, Z.* and WAN JULIANA, W.A.
School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Email:
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
ABSTRACT
The reproductive phenology of two mangrove tree species, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata, were observed monthly for one complete annual cycle from March 2010 until February 2011 at Sungai Pulai Forest Reserve (FR). The objectives of this study were to identify and compare the reproductive phenological patterns of the two species, to determine the duration of flowering and fruiting development, to investigate the percentage of successfulness for each species, and to look at the relationship between rainfall and temperature with reproductive phenological patterns of the two Rhizophora species. Results revealed that both species produced all reproductive units (flower bud, open flower, and fruit) throughout the study period. The flower bud season for R. apiculata was from November until May whilst R. mucronata was from November until April. The flowering season was from June until August for R. apiculata and January until May for R. mucronata. The fruiting season of R. apiculata was from July until January while March until May for R. mucronata. Development from young flower buds to mature propagules took about 14 to 16 months in R. apiculata. Results showed that 7.3% flower buds of R. apiculata gave rise to open flowers and only 1.4% were fertilized. The production of R. mucronata flower buds was significantly (p< 0.05) inversely correlated with the total monthly rainfall and its fruits production was positively correlated with the mean temperature.
ABSTRAK
Fenologi pembiakan dua spesies pokok bakau, Rhizophora apiculata dan Rhizophora mucronata telah dikaji melalui pemerhatian bulanan selama satu kitaran tahunan lengkap dari Mac 2010 sehingga Februari 2011 di Hutan Simpan Sungai Pulai. Objektif kajian adalah untuk mengenal pasti dan membandingkan corak fenologi pembiakan kedua-dua spesies, untuk menentukan tempoh masa perkembangan fasa pembungaan dan pembuahan, untuk menyiasat peratus kejayaan setiap spesies, dan mengenal pasti hubungan di antara hujan dan suhu dengan corak fenologi pembiakan kedua-dua spesies Rhizophora. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kedua-dua spesies mengeluarkan unit pembiakan (kudup bunga, bunga mekar, dan buah) sepanjang tempoh kajian. Musim pengeluaran kudup bunga R. apiculata adalah dari November hingga Mei manakala R. mucronata dari November sehingga April. Musim pengeluaran bunga mekar adalah dari Jun hingga Ogos untuk R. apiculata dan Januari hingga Mei bagi R. mucronata. Musim pengeluaran buah R. apiculata adalah dari Julai hingga Januari manakala Mac hingga Mei bagi R. mucronata. R. apiculata mengambil masa 14 hingga 16 bulan untuk berkembang dari kudup bunga muda menjadi propagul matang. Hasil menunjukkan 7.3% kudup bunga R. apiculata berkembang menjadi bunga mekar tetapi hanya 1.4% disenyawakan. Pengeluaran kudup bunga R. mucronata mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan hujan bulanan (p< 0.05) manakala pengeluaran buah mempunyai hubungan yang positif dengan purata suhu.
Key words: mangrove forest, phenology, reproductive strategies, Rhizophora
REFERRENCES
Alongi, D.M. 2002. Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environmental Conservation, 29(3): 331-349.
Bach, C.S. 2002. Phenological pattern in a monsoon rainforest in the Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology, 27: 477-489.
Boisvenue, C. and Running, S.W. 2006. Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity: evidence since the middle of the 20th century. Global Change Biology, 12: 862-882.
Chan, H.T. 1980. Reproductive biology of some Malaysian dipterocarps. II. Fruiting biology and seedlings studies. Malaysian Forester, 44: 132- 143.
Chan, H.T. 1996. Mangrove reforestation in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Restoration of Mangrove Ecosystems. C.D. Field (Eds.). International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa. pp. 64-75.
Chmielewski, F.M., Muller, A. and Bruns, E. 2004. Climate changes and trends in phenology of fruit trees and field crops in Germany, 1961- 2000. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 121: 69-78.
Christensen, B. and Wium-Andersen, S. 1977. Seasonal growth of mangrove trees in Southern Thailand I: the phenology of Rhizophora apiculata Bl. Aquatic Botany, 3: 281-286.
Clarke, P.J. and Myerscough, P.J. 1991. Floral biology and reproductive phenology of Avicennia marina in South-Eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 39: 283-293.
Clough, B., Tan, D.T., Phuong, D.X. and Buu, D.C. 2000. Canopy leaf area index and litter fall in stands of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata of different age in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquatic Botany, 66: 311-320.
Coupland, G.T., Paling, E.I. and McGuinness, K.A. 2005. Vegetative and reproductive phenologies of four mangrove species from Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 53: 109-117.
Duke, N.C. 1990. Phenological trends with latitude in the mangrove tree Avicennia marina. Journal of Ecology, 78(1): 113-133.
Duke, N.C., Bunt, J.S. and William, W.T. 1984. Observations on the floral and vegetative phenologies of North-Eastern Australian mangroves. Australian Journal of Botany, 32: 87-99.
El-Khouly, A.A. and Khedr, A.A. 2007. Zonation Pattern of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata along the Red Sea Coast, Egypt. World Applied Sciences Journal 2 (4): 283-288.
Ellison, A.M. 2008. Mangrove ecology- applications in forestry and costal zone management. Aquatic Botany, 89: 77.
Ewel, K.C., Cressa, C., Kneid, R.T., Lake, P.S., Levin, L.A., Palmer, M.A., Snelgrove, P. and Wall, D.H. 2001. Managing critical transition zones. Ecosystems, 4: 452-460.
FAO. 1994. Mangrove forest management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper No. 117. Food and
FAO. 2007. The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO Forestry Paper 153. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Farihah, A.B. 2011. Fenologi pembiakan Rhizophora di Tanjung Tuan dan Pantai Morib. Master of Science (MSc) Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. (Unpublished).
Fernandes, M.E.B. 1999. Phenological patterns of Rhizophora L. and Laguncularia Gaertn. f. Amazonian mangrove swamps. Hydrobiologia, 413: 53-62.
Gwada, P., Makoto, T. and Ueze, Y. 2000. Leaf phenological traits in the mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. Aquatic Botany, 68: 1-14.
Hamilton, L.S. & Snedaker, S.C. 1984. Handbook for Mangrove Area Management. East-West Environment and Policy Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 123.
Heideman, P.D. 1989. Temporal and spatial variation in the phenology of flowering and fruiting in a tropical rainforest. Journal of Ecology, 77: 1059-1079.
Ismail, P. 2008. Fenologi, pengkhususan habitat, dan pembalakan berimpak rendah bagi Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz di Hutan Simpan Pekan Pahang. PhD Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. (Unpublished)
Japar, S. 1994. Mangrove plant resources in the Asean region. In: Proceeding Third ASEAN – Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resource. C.R. Wilkinson, S. Sudara and L.M. Chou (Eds.). Vol. 1 Status Review, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
Kitamura, S. and Baba, S. 1996. Phenological studies on mangroves in Indonesia (1)- Flowering and fruiting seasons of Rhizophora apiculata on Bali Island. FORTROP96: Tropical Forestry in the 21st century, 1: 13-20.
Koenig, R. 2008. Critical time for African rainforests. Science, 320:1439-1441.
Liebermann, D. 1982. Seasonality and phenology in a dry tropical forest in Ghana. Journal of Ecology, 70: 791-806.
Maimon, A., Wan Juliana, W.A., Norhayati, A. and Shukor, M.N. 2008. Biodiversity of Sungai Pulai. Earth Observation Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. 97 pp.
Malhi, Y. and Wright, J. 2004. Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series. Biological Sciences, 359: 311-329.
Marzalina, M., Ang, K.C. and Nashatul, Z.N.A. 2010. Laporan kajian penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D) penanaman pokok bakau dan spesies yang sesuai di persisiran pantai Negara bagi tahun 2008 (Januari-Disember 2008). In: Laporan Jawatankuasa Teknikal Mengenai Penyelidikan Dan Pembangunan (R&D): Program Penanaman Pokok Bakau dan Spesies-Spesies yang Sesuai di Pesisiran Pantai Negara Bagi Tahun 2008. H. Mohd Afendi, M. Azian & H. Ismail (Eds.). Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia, Kepong. pp. 2-3.
Marzalina, M., Kodiswaran, K., Aminah, H. and Mohd Afendi, H. 2009. Laporan program penanaman pokok bakau dan spesies-spesies yang sesuai di pesisiran pantai negara bagi tahun 2007. In: Laporan Jawatankuasa Teknikal Mengenai Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan (R&D). H. Ismail, H. Mohd Afendi & M. Azian (Eds.). Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia, Kepong. pp. 2-3.
Marzalina, M., Nashatul, Z.N.A., Jayanthi, N., Nor Asmah, H. and Ang, K.C. 2003. Ex situ conservation efforts for Shorea leprosula Miq. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Forestry and Forest Product Research. M. Azmy, P. Ismail, I. Shamsudin, M.Y. Safiah Yusmah, H.F. Lim, M.I. Muhammed Azmi, A.G. Ab. Rasip, U. Salmiah and Khali Aziz, H. (Eds.). Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. pp. 117-128.
Mehlig, U. 2006. Phenology of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. in the Caete Estuary, Para, Equatorial Brazil. Aquatic Botany, 84: 258-164.
Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S.J.M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L.G., Meynecke, J.O., Pawlik, J., Penrose, H.M., Sasekumar, A. and Somerfield, P.J. 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: a review. Aquatic Botany, 89: 155-185.
Nordatul Akmar, Z., Wan Juliana, W.A., Muhamad Razali, S., Muhammad Azmil, A.R. & Maimon, A. 2011. Community Structure and Biomass of Three Mangrove Forests at South Johore. In: Proceeding of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 10th International Annual Symposium (UMTAS 2011). Kuala Terengganu, 11-13 Julai. pp. 113.
Ong, J.E., Khoon, G.W. and Clough, B.F. 1995. Structure and productivity of a 20-year-old stand of Rhizophora apiculata Bl. mangrove forest. Journal of Biogeography, 22: 417-424.
Palis, H.G. 1998. The phenology of selected Philippine mangrove spesies: a calendar. Manuscript, DENR Recommends, ERDB, Laguna. 7:1-5.
Polidoro, B.A., Carpenter, K.E., Collins, L., Duke, N.C., Ellison, A.M., Farnsworth, E.J., Fernando, E.S., Kathiresan, K., Koedam, N.E., Livingstone, S.R., Miyagi, T., Moore, G.E., Nam, V.N., Ong, J.E., Primavera, J.H., Salmo, S.G. III, Sanciangco, J.C., Sukardjo, S., Wang, Y. and Yong, J.W.H. 2010. The loss of species: mangrove extinction risk and geographic areas of global concern. PLoS ONE, 5(4): 1-10.
Post, E. and Stenseth, N.C. 1999. Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology, 80(4): 1322-1339.
Salina, K. 2009. Saving the mangroves: nursery created to keep costs down. Starmetro, 5 Oktober.
Saenger, P. and Moverley, J. 1985. Vegetative phenology of mangroves along the Queensland coastline. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 13: 257-265.
Sasekumar, A. and Loi, J.J. 1983. Litter production in three mangrove forest zones in the Malay Peninsula. Aquatic Botany, 17: 283-290.
Sharma, S., Md. Kamruzzaman, Rafiqul Hoque, A.T.M., Kangkuso, A. and Hagihara, A. 2011. Vegetative and reproductive phenology, and litterfall production of Rhizophora stylosa in Okinawa Island, Japan. International Journal of Environment, 1: 20-26.
Sharma, S., Rafiqul Hoque, A.T.M., Kangkuso, A. and Hagihara, A. 2010. Phenology and litterfall production of mangrove Rhizophora stylosa Griff. in the subtropical region, Okinawa Island, Japan. In: Proceeding of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10). Japan. pp. 87-90.
Spalding, M., Kainuma, M. and Collins, L. 2010. World Atlas of Mangroves. Earthscan, United Kingdom. 304 pp.
Tomlinson, P.B. 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 419 pp.
Tyagi, A.P. 2003. Location and inter seasonal variation in flowering, propagule setting and propagule size in mangroves species of the family Rhizophoraceae. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 11: 167-174.
Upadhyay, V.P. and Mishra, P.K. 2010. Phenology of mangrove tree species on Orissa coast, India. Tropical Ecology, 51(2): 289-295.
Valiela, I., Bowen, J. and York, J. 2001. Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience, 51: 807-815.
Wan Juliana, W.A., Farihah, A.B., Nordatul Akmar, Z., Muhamad Razali, S. and Nurhanim, M.N. 2011. Phenology of Rhizophora Species at Three Peninsular Malaysia Mangrove Forests. In: Proceeding of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 10th Annual Symposium (UMTAS 2011). Kuala Terengganu, 11-13 Julai. pp. 12- 17.
Wium-Andersen, S. 1981. Seasonal growth of mangrove trees in Southern Thailand III. Phenology of Rhizophora apiculata Lamk. and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. Aquatic Botany, 10: 371-376.
Wium-Andersen, S. and Christensen, B. 1978. Seasonal growth of mangrove trees in Southern Thailand. II. Phenology of Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera littorea and Avicennia marina. Aquatic Botany, 5: 383- 390.
Woodroffe, C.D. 1984. Litter fall beneath Rhizophora stylosa Griff., Vaitupu, Tuvalu, South Pacific. Aquatic Botany, 18: 249-255.
Wright, S.J. 1996. Phenological responses to seasonality in tropical forest plant. In: Tropical forest plants ecophysiology. S.S. Mulkey, R.l. Chazdon, & Smith, A.P. (Eds.). Springer, New York. 675 pp.
