Malays. Appl. Biol. (2013) 42(2): 13–19
A NEW STRAIN OF Shewanella putrefaciens ISOLATED FROM
THE DEAD SEA OF JORDAN
JACOB, J.H.* and IRSHAID, F.I.
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Al al-Bayt University,
Al-Mafraq, Jordan.
*Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
ABSTRACT
Halophilic bacteria flourish in environments with high salinities such as the Dead Sea of Jordan. In this current study, a new strain, assigned as DS4, was isolated from the Dead Sea of Jordan. The strain was identified based on biochemical and physiological characteristics, and it was further identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. DS4 was shown to be Gramnegative, oxidase-positive, non-lactose fermenting, and sulfide-producing on TSI medium. The strain was found to lack the following exoenzymes: amylase, gelatinase, and protease. Strain DS4 was able to grow at high salinity range of 3.4–4.5% NaCl and optimally at 4% NaCl. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that the gene was 99% identical with the genes of several strains of Shewanella putrefaciens deposited in the public nucleotide database. Moreover, the antibiogram of this new strain was determined by well diffusion method. The strain was found to be sensitive to various antibiotics (at concentration of 10 mg ml-1) including cloxacillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, penicillin, and cyclohexamide. In view of all the above characteristics of strain DS4, it can be concluded that this isolate represents a new mild halophilic strain of Shewanella putrefaciens from the Dead Sea of Jordan.
ABSTRAK
Bakteria halofilik hidup dalam persekitaran yang bergaram tinggi seperti Dead Sea di Jordan. Dalam kajian ini, satu strain baru yang dinamakan sebagai DS4, telah dipencil dari Dead Sea. Strain tersebut telah dikenalpasti berdasarkan cirri biokimia dan fisiologi, serta jujukan 16S rDNA. DS4 merupakan bacteria Gram-negatif, positif oksidase, tidak berupaya untuk fermentasi laktosa dan menghasilkan sulfida apabila dikulturkan dalam media TSI. Strain ini juga didapati tidak mempunyai eksoenzim berikut: amilase, gelatinase dan protease. Strain DS4 dapat hidup pada julat saliniti yang tinggi iaitu di antara 3.4–4.5% NaCl dan optimum pada 4% NaCl. Analisis jujukan16S rRNA menunjukkan 99% identiti dengan jujukan gen yang sama daripada beberapa strain Shewanella putrefaciens yang telah dideposit ke dalam pangkalan data nukleotida awam. Selain dariapad aitu, antibiogram terhadap strain baru ini telah ditentukan dengan kaedah sebaran cakera. Strain ini didapati sensitif terhadap pelbagai antibiotik (pada kepekatan 10 mg ml-1) termasuklah kloksasilin, kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin, penisilin, dansikloheksamid. Berdasarkan kesemua ciri DS54 di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahawa pencilan tersebut adalah Shewanella putrefaciens strain halofilik sederhana daripada Dead Sea, Jordan.
Key words: Shewanella putrefaciens, Dead Sea, 16S rDNA sequence, phylogenetic analysis
REFERRENCES
Austin, B. &Lee, J. 1999. Aeromonadaceae and Vibrionaceae. In: Identification methods in applied and environmental microbiology. R. Board, D. Jones, and F. Skinner (eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. pp. 163-179.
Avriel, A., Fuchs, L., Plakht, Y., Cicure, A., Apfelbaum, A., Satran, R., Friger, M., Dartava, D., Sukenik, S. 2011.Quality of life at the dead sea region: the lowerthe better? an observational study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9:38
Botelho-Nevers, E., Gouriet, F.,Rovery, C., Paris, P., Roux, V., Raoult, D., Brouqui, P. 2005. First Case of Osteomyelitis Due to Shewanella algae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology.43: 5388–5390.
Bowman, J . 2005. Genus XIII. Shewanella.Werkman and Gillen. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd Edn, volume two, The Proteobacteria Part C The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria.D. Brenner, N. Krieg, J. Staley, and G. Garrity (eds.).Springer. pp. 651–656.
Bozal, N., Montes, M., Tudela, E., Jiménez, F., Guinea, J. 2002.Shewanellafrigidimarina and Shewanellalivingstonensis sp. nov.isolated from Antarctic coastal areas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,52:195–205.
Brink, A., Straten, A., Rensburg, A. 1995.Shewanella (Pseudomonas) putrefaciens Bacteremia.Clinical Infectious Diseases, 20:1327-32.
Cappuccino, J., & Sherman, N. 2008. Microbiology: a laboratory manual. Pearson Education Inc., USA, 133 pp.
Hau, H. &Gralnick, J. 2007.Ecology and Biotechnology of the Genus Shewanella.Annual Review of Microbiology,61: 237-258.
Holt, H. Gahrn-Hansen, B., Bruun, B. 2005.Shewanella algae and Shewanellaputrefaciens: clinical and microbiological characteristics. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 11: 347–352.
Ivanova, E., Sawabe, T., Gorshkova, N., Svetashev, N., Mikhailov, V., Nicolau, D., Christen, R. 2001. Shewanella japonica sp. nov.International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 51:1027–1033.
Jacob, J. 2012. Classification of Halophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria Thriving in the Jordanian Dead Sea Littoral Zone. Journal of Biological Sciences, 12: 246-252.
Jacob, J. &Irshaid, F. 2012.Biochemical and Molecular Taxonomy of a Mild Halophilic Strain of Citrobacter Isolated from Hypersaline Environment. Research Journal of Microbiology, 7: 219-226.
Kato, C. &Nogi, Y. 2010.Correlation between phylogenetic structure and function: examples from deep-sea Shewanella. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 35: 223-230.
MacDonell, M. &Colwell, R. 1985.Phylogeny of the Vibrionaceae, and recommendation for two new genera, Listonellaand Shewanella.Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 6:171–82.
Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M., Stahl, D.A., Clark, D.P.2012. Brock biology of microorganism. Benjamin Cummings. Boston.
Oren, A. 1983. Population dynamics of halobacteria in the Dead Sea water column. Limnology and Oceanography, 28: 1094-1103.
Oren, A.2006.Life at high salt concentrations. In: The prokaryotes, volume 2. M.Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K. Schleifer, E. Stackebrandt (eds). Springer, New York.263-282pp.
Pagani, L. Lang, A., Vedovelli, C., Moling, O., Rimenti, G., Pristerà, R.,Mian, P. 2003. Soft Tissue Infection and Bacteremia Caused by Shewanellaputrefaciens.Journal of Clinical Microbiology,41: 2240–2241.
Parekh, J.&Chanda, S. 2007. Antibacterial and phytochemical studies on twelve species of Indian medicinal plants.African Journal of Biomedical Research, 10: 175-181.
Rosselló-Mora, R. &Amann, R. 2001.The species concept for prokaryotes.FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 25: 39-67.
Sharma, K., Kalawat, U.2010. Emerging Infections: Shewanella – A Series of Five Cases.Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 2: 61–65.
Soon, H., Kum, K., Kim, E., Lee, H., Choe, K., Oh, M. 2008.Outbreak of Shewanella algae and Shewanellaputrefaciens Infections Caused by a Shared Measuring Cup in a General Surgery Unit in Korea.Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 29:742-748.
Tamura, K., Nei, M., Kumar, S. 2004. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101: 11030-11035.
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods.Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr121.
Yang, S., Kwon, K., Lee, H., Kim, S. 2006.Shewanellaspongiae sp. nov.isolated from a marine sponge. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 56:2879–2882.
