Malays. Appl. Biol. (2014) 43(2): 1–8
AGGRESSIVENESS OF Ganoderma boninense ISOLATES ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis) SEEDLING AT DIFFERENT AGE
GOH, Y.K.*, NG, F.W., KOK, S.M., GOH, Y.K. and GOH, K.J.
Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
*Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
ABSTRACT
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense is rapidly spreading in both coastal and inland soils planted with oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) across Indonesia and Malaysia. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different G. boninense isolates collected from different regions of Peninsular Malaysia on oil palm seedlings. Ganoderma boninense isolates from 12 different estates located in 7 states were collected and used for assessing the effects of pathogenic Ganoderma isolates on 2- and 5-month-old oil palm seedlings. These seedlings were challenged artificially with Ganoderma-inoculated rubber wood blocks as the inoculum source. Based on the disease severity index (DSI), G. boninense isolates from BtLintang (Kedah) (T10) (63.3%) were the most aggressive, whereas, Fraser (Johor) (T4) (8.3%) and Pinji (Perak) (T8) (3.7%) were the least aggressive. Vegetative growth measurements (VGM), namely leaf area (cm2), diameter of the bole girth (cm) and height (cm), for both 2- and 5-month-old seedlings challenged with the most aggressive T10 isolate were significantly lower compared to both of the least aggressive isolates – T4 and T8, as well as the controls at 4 months-after-treatment (MAT). The linear correlation between DSI with VGM at 16-weeks after treatment was negative, ranging from 0.64 to 0.88 for 5-month-old seedlings. Two-month-old seedlings are more preferable in the future nursery experiments compared to 5-month-old seedlings, as the former seedlings were more responsive in terms of DSI and all the VGM parameters measured.
Key words: aggressiveness, disease incidence, disease severity, Ganoderma, vegetative growth
REFERENCES
Alizadeh, F., Abdullah, S.N.A., Khodavandi, A., Abdullah, F., Yusuf, U.K. & Chong, P.P. 2011. Differential Expression of Oil Palm Pathology Genes during Interactions with G. boninense and Trichoderma harzianum. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168: 1106–1113.
Azahar, T.M., Jawahir, C.M., MohdSu’ud, S. & Patrice, B. 2011.Temporal Analysis of Basal Stem Rot Disease in Oil Palm Plantation: An Analysis on Peat Soil. International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS, 11: 96-101.
Breton, F., Hasan, Y., Hariadi, S., Lubis, Z. & de Franqueville, H. 2006. Characterization of parameters for the development of an early screening test for basal stem rot tolerance in oil palm progenies.Journal of Oil Palm Research, Special Issue: 24-36.
Campbell, C.L. & Madden, L.V. 1990. Introduction to Plant Disease Epidemiology. John Wiley and Sons, USA.
Chong, K.P., Atong, M. & Rossall, S. 2012. The role of syringic acid in the interaction between oil palm and Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot. Plant Pathology, 61: 953-963.
Chong, K.P., Lum, M.S., Foong, C.P., Wong, C.M.V.L., Atong, M., & Rossall, S. 2011. First identification of Ganoderma boninense isolated from Sabah based on PCR and sequence homology. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 14718-14723.
Cooper, R.M., Flood, J. & Rees, R.W. 2011.Ganoderma boninense in oil palm plantations: Current thinking on epidemiology, resistance and pathology. The Planter, 87: 515-526.
Corley, R.H.V. & Tinker, P.B. 2003. The oil palm. 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Corley, R.H.V., Hardon, J.J. & Tan, G.Y. 1971. Analysis of growth of the oil palm (Elaeisguineensisjacq.). Euphytica, 20:307-315
Hardon, J., Williams, C. & Watson, I. 1969. Leaf area and yield in the oil palm in Malaya. Experimental Agriculture, 5: 25-32.
Hasan, Y. & Turner, P.D. 1998.The Comparative Importance of Different Oil Palm Tissues as Infection Sources for Basal Stem Rot in Replantings. Planter, 74: 119-135.
Idris, A.S. 1999. Basal stem rot (BSR) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Malaysia: factors associated with variation in disease severity. Ph.D. Thesis. Wye College, University of London, Wye, UK.
Idris, A., Kushairi, A., Ismail, S. & Ariffin D. 2004. Selection for partial resistance in oil palm progenies to Ganoderma basal stem rot. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 16: 12-18.
Kok, S.M., Goh, Y.K., Tung, H.J., Goh, K.J., Goh, Y.K. & Wong W.C. 2013. In vitro growth of Ganoderma boninense isolates on novel palm extract medium and virulence on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 9: 33-42.
Mamza, W.S., Zarafi, A.B. & Alabi, O. 2008. Incidence and severity of leaf blight caused by Fusarium pallidoroseum on varied age of Castor (Ricinus communis) inoculated using different methods. African Journal of General Agriculture, 4: 119-122.
Paterson, R.R.M., Meon, S. & Lima, N. 2009. The feasibility of producing oil palm with altered lignin content to control Ganoderma disease. Journal of Phytopathology, 157: 649-656.
Rees, R.W., Flood, J., Hasan, Y. & Cooper, R.M. 2007. Effects of Inoculum Potential, Shading and Soil Temperature on Root Infection of Oil Palm Seedlings by the Basal Stem Rot Pathogen G. boninense. Plant Pathology, 56: 862–870.
Rees, R.W., Flood, J., Hasan, Y., Potter, U. & Cooper, R.M. 2009.Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis); Mode of Root Infection and Lower Stem Invasion by G. boninense. Plant Pathology, 58: 982-989.
Rees, R.W., Flood, J., Hasan, Y., Wills, M.A. & Cooper, R.M. 2012. Ganoderma boninense Basidiospores In Oil Palm Plantations: Evaluation of Their Possible Role in Stem Rots of Elaeisguineensis. Plant Pathology, 61: 567-578.
Reuveni, M., Tuzun, S., Cole, J., Siegel, M.R. & Kuc, J. 1986. The effects of plant age and leaf position on the susceptibility of tobacco to blue mold caused by Peronospora tabacina. Phytopathology, 76: 455-458.
SAS. 2010. Base SAS® 9.2, ‘Procedures Guide: Statistical Procedures’, Third Edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Sapak, Z., Meon, S. & Ahmad, Z.M.A. 2008. Effect of endophytic bacteria on growth and suppression of Ganoderma infected in oil palm. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 10: 127-132.
Sariah, M., Hussin, M.Z., Miller, R.N.G. & Holderness, M. 1994. Pathogenicity of Ganoderma boninense tested by inoculation of oil palm seedlings. Plant Pathology, 43: 507-510.
Shibata, Y., Kawakita, K. & Takemoto, D. 2010. Age-related resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana against hemibiotrophic pathogen Phytophthora infestans requires both ethylene- and salicylic acid-mediated signalling pathways. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 23: 1130-1142.
Singh, G. 1991. Ganoderma – the scourge of oil palms in the coastal areas. The Planter, 67: 421-444.
Wong, L.C., Bong, C.F.J. & Idris, A.S. 2012.Ganoderma species associated with basal stem rot disease of oil palm. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 9: 879-885.
